Arabic Linguistics
Alphabet, Tajweed & Root Analysis

Pronounce noon clearly before throat letters — no merging, no nasal

Merge noon into ي ن م و — disappears with 2-count nasal

Merge noon into ل or ر — full merger, zero nasal

Before ب only — convert noon to meem-shape + ghunnah 2 counts

Conceal noon before 15 letters — between clear and merged, with nasal 2 counts

Meem sakin before Ba — conceal meem with lips + ghunnah 2 counts

Meem sakin before another Meem — merge into one doubled meem + ghunnah

Meem sakin before any letter EXCEPT ب and م — pronounce meem clearly

Noon or Meem with shadda always requires 2-count nasal — obligatory

All long vowels — hold exactly 2 counts always

Madd letter + hamzah in SAME word — 4-5 counts obligatory

Madd at end of word, hamzah starts next word — 2 to 5 counts

Madd letter + permanent sukoon — always 6 counts, no choice

Elongation when stopping at end of a word — 2, 4, or 6 counts

Hamzah followed by a madd letter — 2 counts (natural madd applies)

Waw or Ya with sukoon after fathah, when stopping on the next letter — 2, 4, or 6 counts

Echo bounce on ق ط ب ج د with sukoon — lighter mid-word, stronger at pause

ال before sun letters — lam is SILENT, next letter doubles

ال before moon letters — lam IS pronounced clearly

Ra is pronounced HEAVY when it has fathah, dammah, or sukoon after fathah/dammah

Ra is pronounced LIGHT when it has kasrah, or sukoon after kasrah (no heavy letter after)

Seven letters are ALWAYS heavy: خ ص ض غ ط ق ظ — tongue back rises

Whispered (hams) vs. voiced (jahr) letters — vocal cord vibration determines which

Six main stop signs in the mushaf — each instructs whether to stop, continue, or choose

When you stop on a word: remove the last vowel, apply sukoon, observe special endings